Scandium, yttrium and lutetium
The first two metals formally belong to the set of
transition metals. This is because of the way, the electron shells are filled
when going from left to right in the periodic table of the elements. Going from
group 2 (the earth alkali metals) to group 3, a d-electron is added to the
neutral atom, instead of a p-electron.
On this site, lutetium is placed under yttrium in the
periodic table chart. This suggests it is a transition metal, similar to
yttrium. Chemically speaking this indeed is the case. There is some dispute,
however, about which of lanthanum or lutetium must be regarded a transition
metal and which must be regarded a lanthanoid. An equally plausible periodic
table chart can be given, with lanthanum as transition metal under yttrium, and
lutetium being the last lanthanoid. The chemical properties of lutetium and
lanthanum are very similar.
Chemically speaking, these three metals hardly have the
interesting properties of the other transition metals in their row. They display
the gradation in properties that might be expected from elements immediately
following the earth alkali metals. They are quite electropositive and slowly
attack water, with the evolution of hydrogen.
In their compounds these metals only exist in the +3
oxidation state. This is in marked contrast to most of the other transition
metals, which can exist in multiple oxidation states. The trivalent ion of these
metals is colorless. These metals still are really basic, they do not form
anionic species in alkaline environments, like aluminium does. On addition of a
strongly alkaline solution to a solution of a salt of one of these metals the
basic hydroxide precipitates, which does not dissolve on addition of more
alkaline solution.
Sometimes, samples of these metals can be purchased on
eBay. These samples are quite expensive. The metals, although they have some
interesting properties, such as being strong reductors, do not add much to a
home lab, when their price is taken into consideration. The compounds of the
metals with their trivalent colorless ions are not really interesting for the
home chemist. They have no extensive redox chemistry in water and only limited
coordination chemistry. Most complexes are colorless as well, so without special
equipment, nothing interesting can be detected on these complexes.
|